Understanding SSI & SSDI: A Guide for Families and Individuals with Disabilities

When Emma’s son, Jake, was diagnosed with cerebral palsy, she knew he would need lifelong support. She had already navigated therapy services, Medicaid, and school accommodations, but she wasn’t sure how to ensure his financial stability in the long run. Then, she heard about Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)—two federal programs that provide financial assistance to individuals with disabilities.

Like many parents and caregivers, Emma was overwhelmed at first. The application process seemed complicated, and she wasn’t sure whether Jake qualified or where to start. If you’re in a similar situation, this guide will break down who qualifies for SSI and SSDI, how to apply, and what to expect along the way.

What Are SSI and SSDI?

SSI and SSDI are both disability benefits programs run by the Social Security Administration (SSA), but they serve different groups and have different eligibility requirements.

• Supplemental Security Income (SSI) provides financial assistance to individuals with disabilities, older adults, and those with limited income and resources. It is a needs-based program, meaning eligibility is determined by income and assets.

• Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) is for individuals who have worked and paid into Social Security but are now unable to work due to a disability. It is based on work history, not financial need.

Who Qualifies for SSI?

SSI is designed for people who have little or no income and resources and need financial support to cover basic needs. To qualify, a person must:

• Be disabled, blind, or age 65 or older

• Have limited income (such as wages, Social Security benefits, or other financial resources)

• Have limited assets (generally no more than $2,000 for an individual or $3,000 for a couple, not including a primary home and one vehicle)

• Be a U.S. citizen or meet specific immigration requirements

For children with disabilities, eligibility is based on family income and resources. Emma learned that since her family met the income criteria, Jake could receive SSI to help cover daily living expenses, therapies, and other necessary costs.

Who Qualifies for SSDI?

SSDI is available to adults who have worked and paid into the Social Security system through payroll taxes but are now unable to work due to a disability. Eligibility is based on:

• Having a severe medical condition that prevents you from working for at least 12 months or is expected to result in death

• Meeting the Social Security Administration’s definition of disability

• Having enough work credits (earned based on the number of years worked and how much was paid into Social Security)

A key difference between SSI and SSDI is that SSDI does not have income limits—it is based on work history. However, it can take longer to qualify because applicants must have sufficient work credits before becoming eligible.

Applying for SSI or SSDI: Where to Start

After realizing that Jake qualified for SSI benefits, Emma wanted to start the application process right away. She learned that the Social Security Administration (SSA) handles all SSI and SSDI applications.

Step 1: Gather Necessary Documents

Before applying, you’ll need:

• Medical records documenting the disability

• Proof of income and resources (for SSI applicants)

• Work history information (for SSDI applicants)

• Social Security numbers for the applicant and household members

• Birth certificate and proof of U.S. citizenship or immigration status

Step 2: Apply Online, by Phone, or in Person

• Online: The fastest and easiest way to apply is through the SSA website (www.ssa.gov)

• By Phone: Call the SSA at 1-800-772-1213 to schedule an application appointment

• In-Person: Visit a local Social Security office for assistance (appointments may be required)

Step 3: SSA Reviews the Application

The Social Security Administration will review:

• Medical eligibility (using records and evaluations)

• Financial eligibility (for SSI applicants)

• Work history (for SSDI applicants)

This review can take several months, so it’s important to apply as soon as possible.

Step 4: Attend a Disability Determination Exam (If Needed)

Some applicants may be required to attend a consultative medical exam to confirm their disability status. This exam is scheduled and paid for by Social Security.

Step 5: Receive a Decision

Applicants will receive a letter in the mail stating whether they were approved or denied. If approved, payments typically begin within a few months. If denied, there is an appeals process to challenge the decision.

What If You’re Denied?

Unfortunately, many first-time applicants receive a denial, even if they meet the requirements. Emma was worried when she heard about this, but she learned that denials are common and can be appealed.

Steps to Appeal a Denied Application:

1. Request a Reconsideration – Ask Social Security to review your case again

2. Attend a Hearing – If reconsideration is denied, request a hearing with an administrative law judge

3. Seek Legal Help – Many applicants work with disability attorneys who specialize in SSI and SSDI appeals

Appealing a denial can take time, but many applicants win their cases on appeal with the right documentation.

Life After Approval: What to Expect

Once approved, SSI and SSDI beneficiaries receive monthly payments to help with living expenses. The amount varies based on income, work history, and other factors.

For SSI recipients, eligibility is reviewed regularly to ensure continued financial need.

For SSDI recipients, Social Security may periodically review medical conditions to confirm continued disability.

Emma was relieved when Jake’s SSI application was approved. The monthly benefits helped cover therapy costs, and she could focus more on his development rather than financial stress.

Final Thoughts

Understanding SSI and SSDI can feel overwhelming, but these programs provide essential financial support for individuals with disabilities and their families. Whether you’re applying for yourself or a loved one, being prepared and persistent is key.

If you or someone you love may qualify, start the process today by visiting www.ssa.gov or contacting a local Social Security office. Financial security and peace of mind may be just a few steps away.